By the end of this century, the Oceans will markedly change in response to anthropogenic stressors and increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Their circulation and the horizontal and vertical transport of heat, salt, carbon, oxygen and nutrients will be impacted. In response to rising temperatures, stratification will increase in the upper water column, affecting ventilation of the deep ocean and nutrient transport from the deep and nutrient-rich waters to the euphotic layer.

Seismic data reconstruction on a dense periodic grid from data acquired on a coarse grid allows oil & gas companies to save on operationally challenging and expensive dense seismic data acquisition. Dense seismic data especially at high frequencies is desired for generating highresolution subsurface image for exploration and production decisions. Although, low-rank based data reconstruction methods perform well at lower frequencies and scalable for large data, their performance degrades at higher frequencies due to increase in rank of approximating matrices.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential and limited micronutrient regulating marine primary productivity. Despite the critical roles of marine P cycle in global biogeochemical processes, the mechanisms leading to marine P removal as authigenic apatite are not fully understood. This dissertation investigates the mineralogical and geochemical controls on marine polyphosphate (polyP) transformation and mineralization under laboratory controlled experiments and sediment incubations.

We present a systematic modeling framework for the identification of water vapor plumes in plasma and magnetic field data from spacecraft flybys of Jupiter's moon Europa. In particular, we determine the degree to which different plume configurations can be obscured by the interaction of Jupiter's magnetospheric plasma with Europa's induced dipole field and its global atmosphere. Additionally we constrain the diagnostic potential of ion energy spectrograms to identify signatures of water vapor plumes in the thermal plasma environment of Europa.

Pacific climate and weather extreme events such as heatwaves, drought, and hydrological extremes are dynamically linked large-scale climate variability. This work aims at improving the current understanding of the role of climate coupling within the Pacific system and investigating their changes to anthropogenic forcing.