Foraminifera are useful tools for paleoclimatology (how the climate was different in the past) with many proxies for key ocean variables in their shells. Subsurface-dwelling foraminifera have been underutilized in paleoclimate due to their inherent habitat uncertainty; much research with these species has been qualitative in the past.
Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their photooxidation with nitrogen oxides (NOx) play a significant role in atmospheric chemistry and have substantial effects on air quality.
The formation of authigenic clay minerals from biogenic silica (bSi) in marine sediments, termed reverse weathering (RW), describes the formation of cation-rich aluminosilicate clay
Epidemiological studies have established a link between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mass and adverse health-related issues. Particle oxidative potential (OP), referring to the redox ability of PM, is a possible unifying concept that connects a host of adverse health effects, but has not been well studied in subarctic regions.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide (O2•−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the hydroxyl radical (•OH), represent transient reactants that are redox active and ubiquitous in aquatic systems.
Natural disasters pose an indistinguishable threat to populations all around the world, affecting ~200 hundred million every year, with earthquakes being the most deadly. Global seismic monitoring allows for robust real-time analysis to provide useful information about an event to assist in earthquake emergency response.
There is growing recognition that climate change is impacting the ocean western boundary current system.
Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and are caused by the repeated accumulation and release of strain in the rocks of tectonic plates moving past one another. However, the same forces driving these interplate earthquakes does not account for intraplate earthquakes, which are located within the interiors of a tectonic plate. The relatively long recurrence intervals between large earthquakes, causal fault locations, and driving mechanisms of intraplate earthquakes present a challenge to understanding their physical mechanisms and the seismic hazard in intraplate regions.
The search for life beyond Earth is a primary goal of NASA, and in our solar system ocean worlds such as Jupiter’s moon Europa are among the most promising targets. Europa has a global outer shell of ice which is likely to be tens of km thick – but also a lower mass meaning pressures and temperatures in the upper ocean below the shell may be similar to Earth’s polar oceans.
Natural earthquakes occur on faults ranging from 0 to 700 km beneath Earth's surface in different tectonic settings, such as along major subduction zones in Japan and the arc