According to the theory of plate tectonics, the Earth’s crust is formed by rigid blocks that move relative to each other along linear faults that bound the blocks, where most deformation occurs. But it is now recognized that plate boundaries can also be broad areas of deformation, and slowly deforming regions in plate interiors can also generate significant and destructive earthquakes.

Europa, a moon of Jupiter, has evidence for a liquid water ocean in contact with a rocky mantle beneath its icy surface. Due to the presence of this ocean, Europa has been a primary target for investigations of habitability within our solar system. Europa’s ocean has remained liquid, in part, due to tidal heating in the interior.

Surface gravity waves play a critical role in several processes at the air-sea interface, including mixing, coastal inundation, and surface fluxes. Yet wind–wave processes are usually excluded from Earth system models partly due to a lack of physical understanding and the high computational costs of spectral wave models. Most wave modeling studies utilize uncoupled short-term simulations and focus on the upper ocean.

Foraminifera are useful tools for paleoclimatology (how the climate was different in the past) with many proxies for key ocean variables in their shells. Subsurface-dwelling foraminifera have been underutilized in paleoclimate due to their inherent habitat uncertainty; much research with these species has been qualitative in the past.

Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their photooxidation with nitrogen oxides (NOx) play a significant role in atmospheric chemistry and have substantial effects on air quality.

The formation of authigenic clay minerals from biogenic silica (bSi) in marine sediments, termed reverse weathering (RW), describes the formation of cation-rich aluminosilicate clay

Epidemiological studies have established a link between fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) mass and adverse health-related issues. Particle oxidative potential (OP), referring to the redox ability of PM, is a possible unifying concept that connects a host of adverse health effects, but has not been well studied in subarctic regions.